Incidencia de enfermedades fúngicas en plantaciones de cacao de las provincias orientales de Cuba - Martínez de la Parte, Einar; Pérez Vicente, Luis (Revista de Protección Vegetal, 2015)
Durante una encuesta fitopatológica, se visitaron 20 fincas cacaoteras en la región oriental de Cuba, cuatro en la provincia Granma y 16 en Baracoa, donde se muestrearon mazorcas y hojas enfermas, chancros del tronco, agallas y otras manifestaciones de enfermedad. Las muestras se desinfectaron (NaOCl, 3%), se lavaron con agua destilada estéril, montadas en cámaras húmedas y/o sembradas en agar agua + vancomicina (200 ug/ml) o medio selectivo para Phytophthora spp. Los hongos que con mayor frecuencia se encontraron fueron Lasiodiplodia theobromae Griffiths & Maubl. (90%), Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) (85%) y Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. (70%). No se hallaron aislamientos típicos de P. tropicalis. Las enfermedades de mayor incidencia fueron las pudriciones de la mazorca por P. palmivora (65%), por L. theobromae (55%) y antracnosis por C. gloeosporioides (55%). Se detectaron, además, mancha foliar por Cercospora sp. (20%) y por Phomopsis sp. (10%), chancros del tallo por P. palmivora (15%), muerte regresiva por L. theobromae (10%) y agallas causadas por Fusarium decemcellulare (10%). Este último hongo se asoció, en Baracoa, a agallas tipo abanico similares a pequeñas escobas de bruja. Se descartó la presencia de Moniliophthora perniciosa en Cuba asociada a esta sintomatología. Palabras clave: agallas, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Phytophthora. Incidence of fungal diseases in cocoa plantations of cuban western provinces ABSTRACT: During a phytopathological survey in twenty cacao farms in the western region of Cuba, four farms in Granma and sixteen in Guantanamo provinces were visited and samples of symptomatic pods, leaves, stem cankers, galls and other diseases symptoms. were taken. The samples were disinfected (NaOCl, 3%), rinsed with sterile distilled water and placed in humid chambers or cultured in plates with water agar + vancomicin (200 ug/ml) and on PDA supplemented with benomyl (50 ppm) and streptomycin (100 ppm). The most frequent species detected were Lasiodiplodia theobromae Griffiths & Maubl. (90%), Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) (85%), and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. (70%). Typical isolations of P. tropicalis were not found. P. palmivora black pod disease (65%), Lasiodiplodia pod rot caused by L. theobromae (55%), and anthracnose by C. gloeosporioides (55%) were the diseases with higher incidence. Cercospora sp. (20%) and Phomopsis sp.(10%) leaf spots, Phytophthora stem canker (15%), dieback by L. theobromae (10%) and cushion gall (green-point gall, flowered cushion gall and fan gall) (10%) by F. decemcellulare were also detected. This latter fungus was associated with fan gall with offshoots growth resembling tiny witches’ brooms in Baracoa province. The presence in Cuba of Moniliophthora perniciosa associated with this symptomatology was discarded. Key words: buba, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Phytophthora.