Three erroneously underestimated zoonoses may increase their global impact under covid-19 umbrella.
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Since ancient times, both humans and animals have suffered from three diseases: tuberculosis, leptospirosis and brucellosis. During the 80's of the 20th century, it was assumed that they were totally under control, but there was an ill-advised decision that made possible their underestimation and persistence up to the present. The purpose of this review was to warn about erroneous criteria that sustain the underestimation of three lethal zoonoses whose effects will be exacerbated in the midst of COVID-19. Although there are multiple factors involved, it is emphasized that: a) there has never been total control of these diseases; b) they are not an exclusive problem of the less socially and economically favored geographic areas; c) the deficit of resources for diagnosis and health services in the latter limits the real statistics of their worldwide impact; and d) most research is not focused from the One Health approach, being a bias that minimizes or obviates the effects of the zoonotic component and the environment. The above limitations, despite the fact that tuberculosis has been recognized as the most lethal pandemic to humanity, have delayed the decision for its global eradication until 2018. The unquestionable attention demanded by COVID-19, as a pandemic since 2020, will further affect the care of these diseases and their control, thus increasing their unnoticed lethal impact. Addressing these mistakes would be a first step towards the adoption of global measures aimed at a more effective control of these three ancestral diseases in force in the 21st century.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA)References
Omitola OO, Taylor-Robinson AW. Review article. Emerging and reemerging bacterial zoonoses in Nigeria: current preventive measures and future approaches to intervention. Heliyon. 2020;6:e04095. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04095
Recht J, Schuenemann VJ, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New. Animals. 2020;10: 1672: doi: 10.3390/ani10091672. Disponible en: www.mdpi.com/journal/animals
United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya. Section One. Overview of emerging infectious diseases including zoonoses. United Nations Environment Programme. 2020. ISBN No: 978-92-807-3792-9.
Barreto Argilagos G, Rodríguez Torrens H, Barreto Rodríguez H. Brucelosis, aspectos que limitan la aproximación real a esta zoonosis; papel de las cabras. Revista De Producción Animal. 2020;32(3). Disponible en: https://revistas.reduc.edu.cu/index.php/rpa/article/view/e3536
Barreto Argilagos G, Rodríguez Torrens H, Barreto Rodríguez H. Leptospirosis, an Underestimated Lethal Zoonosis Who’s Spread May Be Favored during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mini Review. International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology. 2021;4(6):000342.
Barreto Argilagos G, Rodríguez Torrens H, Molento MB. Tuberculosis, an Ancient and Reemerging Disease Full of Contradictions. Mini Review. International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology. 2022;5(1):000354. Disponible en: https://medwinpublishers.com/IZAB/tuberculosis-an-ancient-and-reemerging-disease-full-of-contradictions.pdf
Barreto Argilagos G, Rodríguez Torrens H, Barreto Rodríguez H. Brucelosis, aspectos que limitan su justa valoración. Artículo reseña. Revista de Salud Animal. 2021;43(1, enero-abril): E-ISSN: 2224-4700
Warnasekara J, Srimantha SM, Agampodi SB. Estimating the burden of leptospirosis: global lessons from Sri Lanka. BMJ Global Health. 2021;6:e006946. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2021-006946
Rodríguez Torrens H, Barreto Argilagos G, Vázquez Montes de Oca R, García Casas T. Behavior of Leptospirosis According to Equine and Human Positive Reactors during a Decennium Previous COVID-19. Archives of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 2021;3(1). Disponible en: https://escientificpublishers.com/behavior-of-leptospirosis-according-to-equine-and-human-positive-reactors-during-a-decennium-previous-covid-19-AVAS-03-0022
Barreto Argilagos G, Rodríguez Torrens H. (2021). At Least One Zoonosis Silently Spreads During COVID-19: Brucellosis. Letters. MEDICC Review, July-October. 2021; 23 (3-4). doi: 10.37757/MR2021.V23.N3.2. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.37757/MR2021.V23.N3.2.
Kumbhare MR, Surana AR, Arote RA, Borse GD. Current Status of Leptospirosis: A Zoonotic Tropical Disease. Int J Microbiol Curr Res. 2019;1(1):14-19. doi: 10.18689/ijmr-1000102
Rodríguez Alonso B, Almeida H, Alonso Sardón M, Velasco Tirado V, Romero Alegria Á, Pardo Lledias J, et al. Epidemiological assessment of 5598 brucellosis inpatients in Spain (1997-2015). Epidemiology and Infection. 2021; 149;(149):1-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821001151
Barreto Argilagos G, Beltrão Molento M, Rodríguez Torrens H, & Deuttner Neumann Barroso C. Paradojas que limitan un conocimiento real de la tuberculosis y pueden favorecer su expansión durante la COVID-19. Revista de Producción Animal. 2022;34(2). https://revistas.reduc.edu.cu/index.php/rpa/article/view/e4193
Barba JR. Tuberculosis. ¿Es la pandemia ignorada? Rev Mex Pato Clin Med Lab. 2020;67(2):93-112.
Oliveira S.C. Host Immune Responses and Pathogenesis to Brucella spp. Infection. Pathogens. 2021;10:288. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030288.
Kucuk G, Gorgun S. Brucellosis Mimicking COVID-19: A Point of View on Differential Diagnosis in Patients With Fever, Dry Cough, Arthralgia, and Hepatosplenomegaly. Cureus. 2021; 13(6): e15848. Doi: 10.7759/cureus.15848
Christopher S, Umapathy BL, Ravikumar KL. Brucellosis: Review on the Recent Trends in Pathogenicity and Laboratory Diagnosis. Journal of Laboratory Physicians. 2010; 2: 55-60.
Eşki F, Demir-Ayvazoğlu P, Günaydın E. The Mean Prevalence, Abortion Rate and Estimating the Economic Costs of Brucella abortus in Dairy Cows in Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2021;76(3):126-136.
Vincent AT, Schiettekatte O, Goarant C, Neela VK, Bernet E, Thibeaux R, et al. Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics (en línea). PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2019;13(5):e0007270. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ghg4zf
Barreto Argilagos G, Rodríguez Torrens H, Barreto Rodríguez H. Cinco elementos limitan una aproximación al comportamiento real de la leptospirosis. Artículo Especial. Zootecnia Tropical. 2020;38:1-11.
Cilia G, Bertelloni F, Albini S, Fratini F. Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts. Animals. 2021;11:191. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ani11010191
Zimmer AJ, Klinton JS, Oga-Omenka C, Heitkamp P, Nyirenda CN, Furin J, Madhukar P. Tuberculosis in times of COVID- 19. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2022;76:310-316.
Knoll AH, Bergmann KD, Strauss JV. Life: the first two billion years. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 2016;B 371: 20150493. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0493
Harries AD, Martinez L, Chakaya JM. Tackling climate change: measuring the carbon footprint of preventing, diagnosing and treating TB. Public health action. 2021; 11(1):40. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.20.0076
Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. (2018). Phylogenomics and comparative genomic studies robustly support division of the genus Mycobacterium into an emended genus Mycobacterium and four novel genera. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:67. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067
Riojas MA, McGough KM, Rider-Riojas CJ, Rastogi N, Hazbón MH. Phylogenomic analysis of the species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex demonstrates that Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium caprae, Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium pinnipedii are later heterotypic synonyms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2018;68:324-332
Moreno E. The one hundred year journey of the genus Brucella (Meyer and Shaw 1920). FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2021;45:1-22.
Levett PN. Systematics of Leptospiraceae (en línea). In Adler, B (ed.). Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Berlin, Alemania, Springer. 2015. P.11-20. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology.
Al-orry W, Arahou M, Hassikou R, Mennane Z. A review of laboratory diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis (en línea). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016;2016:7-13. Disponible en: https://doi.org/fjrm
Thibeaux R, Girault D, Bierque E, Soupé-Gilbert ME, Rettinger A, Douyère A, et al. Biodiversity of Environmental Leptospira: Improving Identification and Revisiting the Diagnosis (en línea). Front Microbiol. 2018;9:816. Disponible en: https://doi.org/gdjk3z
Samal S & Das PK. Microbial Biofilms: Pathogenicity and Treatment strategies (en línea). PharmaTutor. 2018;6(1):16-22. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3fe3M4Y
Barreto Argilagos G, Rodríguez Torrens H, Barreto Rodríguez H. Brucellosis Accompanies Humanity into the 21st Century, One Element Contributes to its Persistence Particularly. Corpus J Vet Dairy Sci. 2021; 1:1017.
World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. Information Note Tuberculosis and COVID-19. COVID-19: Considerations for tuberculosis (TB) care [12 May 2020]. 11 pages. Disponible en: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi15Obf58TxAhUDkmoFHakIBJMQFjAAegQIBxAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fdocuments%2Ftuberculosis%2Finfonote-tb-covid-19.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1BX01pwO2bsorWlt31mULt
Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, Sehgal IS, Muthu V (2021) Active pulmonary tuberculosis and coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(10):e0259006. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259006
Ittyachen AM. Covid-19 and leptospirosis: Cytokine storm and the use of steroids. Tropical Doctor. 2021;51(1):128-130.