Potencialities of groups of nematodes for management of Thysanoptera order pests: I: Parasites
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Abstract
The objective of this article review, divided in two parts, was to summarize the main research carried out on thrips-nematode relationships, and this first part is concerned with the studies conducted on obligate parasitic nematodes of thrips species. The nematode species Thripinema aptini Sharga, Thripinema reniraoi Siddiqi, Thripinema nicklewoodii Siddiqi, Thripinema fuscum Tipping et al., and Tripinema khrustalevi Chizhov et al. were found parasitizing diverse species of Thysanoptera. Nematodes reduce feeding of the insect hosts and their ability to produce progeny, modifying their reproductive system. In certain species of thrips, their ability to transmit viruses such as TSWV is reduced. These nematodes, with very short life cycles, whose extension depends on temperature, produced different percentages of natural parasitism in fields of, at least, seven countries. In vivo reproduction methods of Thripinema species were evaluated, and the bioecology of some species were studied. The possibility of using these organisms in integrated thrips management programs was highlighted by several researchers, and so was the need for increasing the studies of the thrips-nematodes system because of the insufficient research results allowing the use of Tripinema spp. in inoculative releases.
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